The article 'Resilience of what and for whom? Climate change mitigation and adaptation in the global, Ethiopian, and Tanzanian coffee sectors” draws on five years of research and a multi-country farmer survey to examine how climate change mitigation and adaptation shape the coffee sector across global, national and local scales. The analysis shows that climate resilience is not a uniform concept. Policies and interventions aimed at strengthening resilience at one level may create new challenges at another. In particular, global and national priorities do not always align with the realities and needs of smallholder farmers.

By foregrounding farmers’ livelihoods, agency and transformative capacity, the article argues for a broader and more inclusive understanding of climate resilience—one that enables farmers to actively shape adaptation pathways rather than merely maintaining existing production systems.